Bit Manipulation Guide - Written by Steven Caldwell bome@sniz.biz
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Toggling a bit
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Bit 0-31

pp=1<<xx - Where xx is bit number

ga=ga^pp

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Setting a bit

pp=1<<xx - xx is bit number to set

ga=ga|pp

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Clearing a bit

pp=1<<xx - xx is bit number to clear
pp=pp^-1
ga=ga&pp

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Testing a bit

pp=ga>>xx -- xx is bit number to test
pp=pp&1

pp will be the state of the bit - either 1 or 0

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Iterating through 32 bits and output their state

Iteration timer - xx iterations  -use gb=32 for iteration number (note number)
start with high note and iterate down to 0

pp=gb
gb=gb-1
if gb<0 then exit rules, skip outgoing action

qq=ga>>gb
qq=qq&1
if qq==1 then rr=127
if qq==0 then rr=0

Output 90 pp qq

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On above if you want to iterate up from gb=0

pp=32-gb
gb=gb+1
if gb>31 then exit rules, skip outgoing action

...rest is same as above

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XOR - If both are same, it is 0 otherwise 1
0^0= 0
0^1 = 1
1^0 = 1
1^1 = 0

AND - both bits need to be 1 for 1 output otherwise 0
0&0 = 0
1&0 = 0
0&1 = 0
1&1 = 1

OR - Either bits 1 to output 1

0|0 = 0
0|1 = 1
1|0 = 1
1|1 = 1

To make all 32 bits 1

pp=-1

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Negative Numbers

Note that highest bit of a 32 bit signed integer is the "sign" bit.
When this bit is set, the value represents a negative number and the other bits are not represented by values of 1,2,4,8 etc.

To determine the negative value.

1 - Discard the sign bit (and make a mental note this is a negative number).
2 - Take the rest of the bits and invert them.
3 - Add 1 to the result

So for  a value of FFFF FFFF
the sign bit is discarded and you have
7FFF FFFF
Inverting the above gives you
0000 0000

Adding 1 give you
0000 0001

So the value of FFFF FFFF is really -1.

This is really only important in debugging since MT Pro will not show the hex or binary value. It will only show the decimal value.  To make it easer, download a binary calculator. Make sure it is set for 32 bit precision. Enter the value in decimal and see the result in hex or binary.


-- To convert 32 bit signed int to  7 bit signed int initial value ga
// Xor with -1
ga=ga^-1
//Xor with 7f
ga=ga^0x7f

To do it with 14 bit signed int
// Xor with -1
ga=ga^-1
//Xor with 3fff
ga=ga^0x3fff

To convert for 7bit signed int to 32 bit signed int
ga=ga<<24